African American Men And The United States Prison System

African American Men and the United States Prison System There is a racial connection between the United States criminal justice system and the overrepresentation of black men in the United States prison system. There are over 2 million people in the U.S. prison system exceeding that of any other nation and represents 25% of the world’s prisoners (The Sentencing Project, 2016). According to Prison Policy Initiative, African American communities are the most impacted with African American men representing nearly 40% of all U.S. prisoners, though African Americans represent less than 13% of the U.S. population (Wagner Rabuy, 2016). In fact, African American males are six times more likely to be incarcerated than white males (The†¦show more content†¦20). Thus, African Americans were still enslaved. The Jim Crow era, 1877 through the 1950s, ushered in still another wave of unfair imprisonment for black people. Minor offenses continued to be disproportionately enforced and carried excessive sentences. Once again, this proved that prison sentences did not fit the actual crime, but rather were a form of deliberate racial control targeting men and women of color. Alexander (2012) further points out that the aggressive enforcement of these minor criminal offenses opened up an enormous market for convict leasing, in which prisoners were contracted out as laborers to the highest private bidder (p. 31). Essentially, African Americans continued to be slaves of the state for the duration of their prison term. During the 1960s, the civil rights movement gained momentum and led to the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, officially ending segregation in the United States. The same movement was also responsible for the Supreme Court’s decision to institute laws that protected the rights of arrested individuals through Miranda rights and the right to legal representation. Although strides were made, the election of President Nixon proved to be a detriment to the movement, as he set out to make good on what he called his â€Å"law and order† campaign. Eventually, Nixon’s former domestic policy chief, John Ehrlichman, confessed to Harper’s writerShow MoreRelatedDisproportionate Incarceration of African Americans Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesDisproportionate Incarceration of African Americans The disproportionate numbers of African Americans in the prison system is a very serious issue, which is not usually discussed in its totality. However, it is quite important to address the matter because it ultimately will have an effect on African Americans as a whole. Of the many tribulations that plague Americans today, the increase in the amount of African American men and women in prisons is unbelievable. It would be naà ¯ve to sayRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 PagesImagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegalRead MoreThe Prison System Of America1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Prison Industrial Complex† was a term that was used by anti-prison activist within the prison abolishment movement to argue the attendant interest of prison industrializ ation, and t development of a minority prison labor force (Davis, 2003). This giant prison enterprise is an essential component of the U.S. economy, and has as its purposes such as profit, social control, and an interweaving of private business and government. These giant financial institutions recognized that prison buildingRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesextraordinary rates of incarceration among young African American men with little schooling. Radical changes in crime control and sentencing polices led to an unprecedented buildup of the United States prison population over the last thirty years. African Americans comprise a disproportionate percentage of the individuals imprisoned in State correctional institutions across the United States. . There are 5 main reasons as to why African Americans repeatedly go to prison. These reasons are racial discriminationRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Laws1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book the Ne w Jim Crow Laws there is racial discrimination on the African American people in the American society. What is racial discrimination? It is refusing somebody based on race. In the United States we have been racial discriminate on the African American people and that is what cause the south and north to go civil wat was because slavery and racism that existed and even still to this day. In the south the black were less and treated unequal to them historically even today were areRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex : How Do We Define It?1640 Words   |  7 PagesWhat if I told you that prisons in America aren t built for the main purpose of locking up â€Å"criminals† and making them better to re enter society and keeping other citizens safe but for some companies to make profit off of cheap labor? In essence that is the prison industrial complex. How do we define it? A few define it as a term that is used to explain rapid expansion of the US inmate population to the po litical influence of private prison companies and businesses that supply goods and servicesRead MoreThe African Of African Diaspora1329 Words   |  6 Pages The African diaspora also known as the forced movement of primarily Western Africans to various parts of the globe including the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. One of the most influential sectors of the African diaspora was the Trans-Atlantic trade route. According to PBS’ How Many Slaves Landed in the U.S.? â€Å"Between 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to theRead MorePrison Reform in the United States of America1318 Words   |  6 PagesPrison Reform in The United States of America â€Å"It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones† (Nelson Mandela, 1994). The United States of America has more people behind bars than any other country on the planet. The prisons are at over double capacity. It cost a lot of money to house prisoners each year. A large number of the prisoners are there because of drug related offensesRead MoreBlack Americans Receive A Stricter Punishment Than White Americans Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesblack men in the United States continue to be excessively â€Å"incarcerated, policed, and sentenced to death at significantly higher rates than their white counterparts (Kerby 2).† Portrayals in the media have depicted black men as thugs and common criminals; these negative stereotypes demoralize men of color and allow society to believe and internalize this destructive thinking. The racial disparities that exist in the criminal justice system are an indirect consequence of the portrayals of African AmericanRead MoreRace and Corrections845 Words   |  4 PagesAllen Arizona State University CRJ 305- Laura Owen Minorities remain overrepresented in crime, offending, victimization, and all stages of the criminal justice process especially confinement. Overrepresentation alludes to a situation in which a greater part of a particular group is present at various stages within the justice system than would be expected based on its part in the general population (Rosich, 2007). Minorities have always had a larger population in the prison system and after

Relationship Between Managers And Managers - 1733 Words

Relationships amongst employees and their managers dictate the level of happiness each derives from the workplace. Communication plays a key role in the success of these relationships. Relations between managers and their subordinates are known as downward relationships. Relations between subordinates and managers are known as upward relationships. Relations between peers are known as lateral relationships. All of these relationships and the communication flowing between them are capable of contributing to the success of an organization as well the allocation of power and politics. Upward relations. Organizational citizenship adds value to the success of upward relations. Organizational citizenship is at its essence, the belief that†¦show more content†¦This behavior is recognized as benefiting of organizational citizenship, which this manager rewarded (DuBrin, 2009, p. 88). †¢This manager focused on rewarding group success. This increases organizational citizenship behaviors, an impression management tactic positively impacting interdependent relations (DuBrin, 20009, p.90). A manager within my organization ineffectively utilized upward communications be acting in the following ways. †¢He promoted competition amongst team members increasing self-serving behaviors. Members of his team found no benefit in helping their team members succeed and so altruistic actions rarely occurred (DuBrin, 2009, p. 89). †¢This manager rewarded employees solely based on individual performance (DuBrin, 2009, p.91). The result was that the strong employees stayed strong and weak never had a chance. Strong employees basked â€Å"in reflected glory† as an impression management tactic (DuBrin, 2009, p. 96). Downward relations. The leader-member exchange (LMX) theory is a theory based on the belief that there is a positive correlation between the quality of the relationships between a leader and their direct reports and the success of the organization (DuBrin, 2009, p.143). A manager within my organization effectively communicated using downward relations in the following ways. †¢She utilized authority to further the purpose of the organization as a whole (DuBrin, 2009,

Healthcare And Socioeconomic Situations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Healthcare And Socioeconomic Situations? Answer: Introduction Healthcare and socioeconomic situations of people are highly interrelated, and the experts believe that there exists an inverse relationship between socioeconomic conditions and good health (Pampel, et.al., 2010). Social inequalities have affected our society for several years, and in a great many ways, apart from health care. Low income comes with many other side effects, such as disparity in education, living conditions and so on, and this, in turn, has been seen to affect the health conditions of the population living in such conditions. The population group selected for the research and report is people with socioeconomic disadvantages. This report will cover a brief about the general characteristics of the population group, their disadvantages that makes them different, and also the health concerns experienced by this group of population. Population Characteristics:; There is no clear demarcation between group of population with socioeconomic disadvantages and those who come with advantages of financial status and high salary. However, for the sake of demarcation, one can briefly explain the population group under study as those who have financial constraints, and have lower average income. The characteristics include: Staying in poor living conditions No proper nutrition Prone to drinking/tobacco/high smoking Poor health due to low hygiene Essentially, this group can be identified through their lower income, which contributes to the further disadvantages, and mostly, an inherent fear of healthcare system or distrust/disbelief in it (Becker, et.al., 2003). Major health problems in people with socioeconomic disadvantage: With low exercise, and poor diet, and no inbound inclination, the population group with socioeconomic disadvantages suffers through hoards of health issues (Pampel, et.al., 2010). It is, therefore, expected that when a person is finding it difficult to make ends meet, he or she might not be thinking about approaching the healthcare with minor troubles with health. As a result, this population group is prone to suffer a myriad of health problems, including: Obesity (due to unhealthy eating habits) Cardiovascular disease Consumption Non-identification of diseases leading to complications Malnutrition in children and adults Oral health No proper paediatric care This population group, therefore, is one of the most-studied ones in the history of healthcare, and arriving at a perfect solution is difficult. It is not that there is non-availability of health workers or the health care system in place, but the inclination to approach them, which is missing among people with socioeconomic disadvantages (Mustard, et.al., 1995). There are several healthcare workers who specifically work for this population group, and had faced alarming rate of disapprovals and disbelief despite doing their duty. However, the health concerns and issues such as low hygiene and poor diet persist and is a challenge that is yet to overcome. Health risks and challenges faced: The higher rate of health risks and persistent problems among the lower income groups or SES- Low socioeconomic status communities are attributed to several combined factors (Marcin, et.al., 2003). Consider the example of obesity among the SES groups. With socioeconomic disadvantage, one is conscious of the eating patterns, nutritional intake, unlimited access to fast food or not caring about what goes in terms of food. Other factors such as excess alcohol consumption also accelerate the obesity rate in this population group. This, therefore, enhances the risk of obesity among the SES. As determined by a research, the men show a marked increase in the obesity rate among the SES group (Ghosh, et.al, 2016). The social determinants, such as the place a person is born with, and the habits he or she develops with age, contributes to the poor nutritional intake, other indulgent habits such as drinking and tobacco, and so on. The social factors contribute largely to the health inequalities that is seen between the high and lower SES groups. With poor sanitation, nutrition and hygiene, the children in the SES group suffer a maximum disadvantage. The higher mortality rate due to injuries that can only be due to the living conditions (with no safety measures to keep children away from fire or other sharp gadgets). Hence, because of the environmental factors, such as the living conditions and sanitation, as well as dangerous injury causing agents (unmonitored road crossing, firearm, and so on), there is an increased rate of infant and paediatric mortality/injury in this population group (Marcin. et.al., 2003). Another possible reason for the significant injuries and health problems in infants/children may be due to large numbers of single parent (mother) households in low SES communities, with mothers not aware of the importance of physician visit symptoms of a disease (Heck, et.al., 2002). There are other health issues, such as cardiovascular diseases and oral health, which are again problems related to social determinants, and health behaviours. Both the above mentioned health concerns are completely related to poor eating habits, no proper hygiene and also non-identification of problems at an early stage (Winkleby, et.al., 1992). Hence, the inherent habits, eating and sleeping conditions, and the quality of life, contributes significantly to the health concerns that are seen among the population with socioeconomic disadvantage. Common barriers to health and health care: AS determined earlier, it is not the health care system itself that is to be blamed. There are several health care centres set up exclusively to deal with the low SES communities. The problem, therefore, is within the mindset of the people and their attitude towards health and health care. For instance, a single mother of an infant, might not have time or inclination to bring her child for a regular physician's visit or care about the symptoms, until it is too late or hard to avoid. Similarly, an overweight or obese individual might not worry about eating properly unless his heart gives away. Hence, the challenge for a healthcare worker here, is to make people aware of their problems or at least manage to bring them into the care, so that their conditions can be monitored and dealt with, successfully. However, one need to understand that the people livng in Low SES communities either do not worry about taking an insurance, or do not have access to it, or simply cannot afford it. Hence, they are more apprehensive about approaching the facility with their health concerns (Mustard, et.al., 1995). Another challenge is to make a person change a habit that has been inculcated from his birth. How will the children learn the necessity of maintaining hygiene (both physical and oral), if their parents and elders are not following it? How can a child learn to wash his hands before eating, or a teenager know the ill effects of drinking, when they have been taught (or rather, seen) the same, life long? To break the habits of a lifetime, and to inculcate new habits, explain the ill effects of poor hygiene or drinking, and other problems that are seen in low SES groups, is a challenge that a health care worker need to encounter at every step. Role as a healthcare nurse for people with socioeconomic disadvantage: It is not easy to break barriers, or overcome social challenges to successfully care for the population under discussion. Since each health care worker (a nurse or a physician) has to deal with uncompromising conditions and unalterable habits while dealing with low SES communities, it requires both determination and a strong inclination to bring the changes that this population sector requires. As a nurse, my first and foremost concern would be to study the problems related to a particular community. Even among the low SES groups, the challenges differ, the complications vary. Communities with people belonging to multicultural groups, people with different religious beliefs, and also with cultural dissimilarities might prove to be harder to handle. Hence, studying the individual group which comes under the health care centre I work with, will be the first hurdle. Secondly, as a nurse, my concern would be to bring those living in the community to understand the basic rules of hygiene, and proper nutrition. Since most of the problem stems from these concerns, starting with this can be of great advantage. Children are more Moldable than the adults. Conducting oral hygiene classes in small groups for children, where one can show pictorial presentation of the importance of oral health, can help alter their habits. Similarly, talking about changing their eating habits, including healthy, yet cheaper options (replacing fries with eggs or bread), can make the changes required. Similarly, looking at the poor post-hospital outcomes in the low income SES groups, due to either unavailability of proper systems at home or economic constraints, this is one major issue that I will work upon, while serving this community (Kangovi, et.al., 2014). Conclusion: Change cannot be made overnight. Although the low income Socioeconomic communities have many disadvantages, related to environmental, social and health factors, they are also studied in great detail for years together. Many changes have also been seen among these communities, and the younger generation is more adaptable to the alterations made in their lifestyle. It is, however, the elder and the older generations, who need to be brought into the picture, and their health concerns addressed effectively. References American Psychological Association (2017). Children, Youth, Families and Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-families.aspx [Accessed on 12th Aug 2017]. American Psychological Association (2017). Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic-status/ [Accessed on 12th Aug 2017]. Ghosh, A., Charlton, K. E., Batterham, M. J. (2016). Socioeconomic disadvantage and its implications for population health planning of obesity and overweight, using cross-sectional data from general practices from a regional catchment in Australia. BMJ Open, 6(5), e010405. Gornick, M. E. (2002). Measuring the Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Health Care. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221050/ [Accessed on 12th Aug 2017]. Heck, K. E., Parker, J. D. (2002). Family Structure, Socioeconomic Status, and Access to Health Care for Children. Health Serv Res., 37(1), 171-184. Kruger, E., Tennant, M. (2016). Socioeconomic disadvantage and oral-health-related hospital admissions: a 10-year analysis. BDJ Open. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/bdjopen20164 [Accessed on 12th Aug 2017]. Kangovi, S., Barg, F. K., Carter, T., Levy, K., Sellman, J., Long, J. A., Grande, D. (2014). Challenges Faced by Patients with Low Socioeconomic Status During the Post-Hospital Transition. J Gen Intern Med., 29(2), 283-289. Mustard, C. A., Frohlich, N. (1995). Socioeconomic Status and the Health of the Population. Med Care, 33(12 Suppl), DS43-54. Marcin, J. P., Schembri, M. S., He, J., Romano, P. S. (2003). A Population-Based Analysis of Socioeconomic Status and Insurance Status and Their Relationship With Pediatric Trauma Hospitalization and Mortality Rates. Am J Public Health, 93(3), 461-466 Marcin, J. P., Schembri, M. S., He, J., Romano, P. S. (2003). A Population-Based Analysis of Socioeconomic Status and Insurance Status and Their Relationship With Pediatric Trauma Hospitalization and Mortality Rates. Am J Public Health, 93(3), 461-466 Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., Denney, J. T. (2010). Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviours. Annu Rev Sociol., 36, 349-370. Winkleby, M. A., Jatulis, D. E., Frank, E., Fortmann, S. P. (1992). Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health, 82(6), 816-820. World Health Organization (2012). What are social determinants of health? Retrieved from https://www.who.int/social_determinants/sdh_definition/en/ [Accessed on 12th Aug 2017].

Toffler’s Stability Zones Essay Sample free essay sample

What’s your â€Å"stability zone† ?How many times have you had â€Å"one of those days† ? You know. when it seems as if everything in your life changed overnight? There are new enterprises at work. a new set of processs to larn. new co-workers to acquire to cognize. a new office location to go familiar with. it merely goes on! At the terminal of one of those yearss. it’s a immense alleviation to acquire place! You walk in the door. and all of a sudden the emphasis disappears. You’re surrounded by the people you love. by all the amenitiess of your familiar things. Home is your safe topographic point. and when you’re at that place. the emphasis of work is far off. The challenges that arise from alteration are common. Every clip we turn around. it seems like engineering has changed – and many people feel pressured to maintain up with this fast gait. We will write a custom essay sample on Toffler’s Stability Zones Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Make you transport your Blackberry everyplace and take working holidaies? Alternatively of loosen uping at dark. make you utilize your laptop to catch up even more? If this sounds like you. you may experience burned out. overworked and overwhelmed. The good intelligence is that you can make personal â€Å"Stability Zones† to assist you pull off the alteration in your life. Familiar places – like place or a favourite java store – can go much-needed flights to allow your head and organic structure re-energize and renew themselves. Alvin Toffler foremost presented the construct of personal Stability Zones in his 1971 book. â€Å"Future Shock. † Although the theory was neer accepted academically. it’s still interesting and relevant to what many of us face today. Toffler’s Stability ZonesToffler’s construct is reasonably simple. Stability Zones are topographic points or things that make you experience safe. relaxed. and secure. Think of them as buffers – types of protection or defence – against the outside universe. When you’re in or with your Stability Zone. you feel safe. It’s something safe and familiar. something that doesn’t alteration. And they’re non limited to specific topographic points. They can be things. people. objects. or even thoughts: †¢ People – People Stability Zones offer you a loosen uping. restful atmosphere when you’re with them. They listen to what you say. and you don’t have to seek to be a different individual when they’re about. They have values similar to yours. and they’ve likely been in your life for a long clip. A Person Stability Zone could be a partner. best friend. parent. or colleague. †¢ Ideas – Idea Stability Zones could be anything from spiritual religions and political political orientation to deeply held beliefs or values ( such as environmental protection ) . †¢ Places – These are really common. Home is one of the most widely used topographic points of safety. to assist person experience â€Å"safe. † But a Place Stability Zone can besides be larger in scale – like a state – or much smaller in scale – like a specific room. †¢ Things – These could be favourite ownerships – like a we ll-loved book or household heirloom – or favourite apparels that make you experience good. †¢ Organizations – A favourite nine. professional group. or even your company could be your Stability Zone – any topographic point or group that you identify with and where you feel welcome. As an employer or leader. understand the importance of Stability Zones for your staff. and promote your squad to utilize them frequently. These can be most helpful when a company is traveling through a major passage. such as a coup detat. But they can besides assist you and your staff manage the daily emphasiss of the work environment. If you work in a â€Å"hot desking† environment. where others use your desk or workstation when you’re non at that place. it may be difficult to hold a Place Stability Zone at the office. In this state of affairs. you may desire to transport objects with you that create these zones – like exposure – or you may desire to trust more on less physical types of Stability Zones – such as people or thoughts – to assist you pull off alteration. Identify Your Stability Zones To find your personal Stability Zones. start by believing of two or three options for each type listed above. Then. contract them down by inquiring yourself these inquiries: †¢ How stable are they? For illustration. if you listed a colleague as a Person Stability Zone. are you certain that individual will ever be at that place for you? If you listed a favourite java store as a Place Stability Zone. are you confident that it will be at that place for a piece? Remember. you want topographic points. people. and things that aren’t traveling to alter every bit fast as the remainder of the universe. Think in footings of stability. dependableness. and comfort. †¢ How many of your Stability Zones can be influenced by you? To what extent are the zones – these people. topographic points. things. and so on – under your control? †¢ Do you pass adequate clip fostering these Stability Zones? You may necessitate to put clip developing and keeping your Stability Zones. particularly with the people in your life. If you don’t hold the clip or desire to put in these relationships. topographic points. and things. so you might happen that. over clip. they aren’t as comforting and changeless as you one time thought they might be. †¢ Will your Stability Zones remain solid and steady over clip? The lone thing you can of all time truly number on is alteration. Yes. you want stable things in your life that won’t alteration rapidly – but the fact is that. finally. things are traveling to alter. One twenty-four hours. you may detect that your place merely isn’t large plenty. or one of your deeply held beliefs isn’t the steering force it used to be. Be the Stability Zones you’ve chosen able to digest over clip? Create Stability Zones for Your TeamIn the workplace. it can be of import for people to hold Stability Zones. If you’re in charge of a squad and you think that members of your squad are fighting with alteration. so learn them about Stability Zones. and assist them happen ways to utilize them during a hard twenty-four hours to rest and re-gain energy. Help make Stability Zones in your workplace by making the followers: †¢ Make sure that your squad members take sensible tiffin interruptions. †¢ Promote your squad non to pass their darks and weekends working. †¢ Consider offering workshops on positive thought. leading. or deputation. †¢ Consider offering inducements for your squad to take part in physical exercising. Key PointsOur universe seems to alter faster every twenty-four hours. Pull offing this alteration can do you experience stressed and overwhelmed. This is why holding familiar. safe zones can be so of import for your wellbeing. Stability Zones – people. topographic points. thoughts. objects. or organisations – can offer you a feeling of security. They can allow your head remainder from the alteration and emphasis around you. If members of your squad are fighting with alteration. so educate them on the importance of Stability Zones. and have a program to make Stability Zones in the workplace. Doing so may enable your staff to regenerate their mental energy. and it may give them the ability to get by better with emphasis and alteration.

2 04CrusadesFacts Essay

2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 1. What is a Crusade? Restore Christian rule over the area. 2. Importance of the Holy Land: sacred for Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For Jews it is the promised homeland. For Christians this is where Jesus lived his life. For Islam Jerusalem is the holiest place on earth Where Muhammad ascended to heaven. 3. Byzantine Emperor: Alexius I Comnenus 4. Roman Catholic Pope: Most powerful figure in Europe. 5. Causes: a. ______all___ wanted forgiveness of sins & access to Christian holy sites. b. ___pope______ wanted to unify Christianity c. _____knights____ wanted adventure and treasure d. _____kings____ wanted more land e. ______merchants___ wanted to expand markets & acquire new products f. _____peasants____wanted freedom from service on the manor 6. Peter the Hermit: organized peasants and stragglers to go out and preach the word of God 7. The Crusades a. First Crusade 1096-1099 The first Crusaders, led by ___Godfrey of bouillon ______________________________, marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. ___constantinople_______, _____Antioch______, and ____Jerusalem_______ were captured by the Crusaders. The _____Edessa__________ and __the kingdom____________ were set up. Most of the Crusaders who had survived _and __returned home___________________. b. Second Crusade 1147-1149 Enthusiasm for the Crusades was at an __all time high________________. Holy Orders of knights rode and fought, such as_____Teutonic knights___________, __Knights Hospitaller____________, and _____Knights Templar___________. However, crusader attacks were poorly organized, resulting in _____________. Similar to the First Crusade, many Crusaders ____returned home______________. c. Third Crusade 1187-1192 Saladin: thought that the Christian armies were infidels ad needed to be evicted Richard the Lionheart (King Richard I): remained to lead the Christian armies d. Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 This Crusade was started by the Pope, mostly to ____increase________ the authority of the Church. The major accomplishment of this Crusade proved to be ____weakening ___________ the Byzantines enough that they could no longer hold off ______Muslim expantion______________. e. Final Crusades 1217-1272 Crusades #5-8 were ____disorganized_____________ military efforts with _____limited support___________. 8. Overall Outcome of The Crusades: They all Failed 9. Children’s Crusade: A much debated event

#FreelancerFriday #1 - Rebecca Faith, Editor

#FreelancerFriday #1 - Rebecca Faith, Editor #FreelancerFriday #1 - Rebecca Faith, Editor â€Å"In my experience successful authors are open to revision. It’s not easy to hear the eighty or ninety thousand words you’ve just poured your soul into are not up to par. But if you can leave a little bit of your ego behind and dive into the art, and find someone you trust to be there with you, I don’t think good authorship is beyond many people. It’s a form that invites participation for those who are willing to do the work.†Rebecca Faith is one of the members of Reedsy's advisory board, and also an outstanding editor.A quick anecdote that probably says more about Rebecca than any interview possibly could. The interview below is the first half-hour of our conversation. As I was thanking her, I mentioned that I didn’t want to take up any more of her time with questions about editing that would just be thinly-veiled attempts to find guidance with my own (pretty blocked) novel I’m working on. She pushed through my chronic shyness whe n it comes to talking about creative projects, and spent another half-hour, right there, listening patiently and dispensing insightful advice. Advice, by the way, that went way beyond any of the feedback I’d had from beta readers, best friends, anonymous message boards, and so on. It was neat to see someone almost spontaneously giving off editorial assistance. But you can meet her for yourself below.–REEDSYHow would you describe what an editor does for an author? It seem like the simple answer is â€Å"They edit,† but I wonder what you see that as consisting in. Some would see editing as just being fixing spelling mistakes.REBECCA FAITHSometimes it is. It really depends on the kind of editing we’re talking about. There’s a very nuts and bolts straightforwardness about proofreading and line editing. Those editors bring a level of professionalism and polish to written work, and you really can’t put a price tag on that. It’s very importa nt.But developmental editing or content editing has surged in prominence since self-publishing has become more popular. A good editor helps drawn an amateur into more professional ranks by offering a lot of insight about craft, character development, style, plot production, and so on. There’s a nice collaboration between good editors and authors that really teases out the creative process. The most succinct way that I could say this is a good editor helps an author inhabit their work more fully and helps them stretch beyond their perceived limits of skill.REEDSYI like that. You’ve identified the two very different parts of the editing process.REBECCA FAITHThere’s the technical side which is grammar, conventions, â€Å"How the hell do you use a semicolon?†; and there’s the subjective side: â€Å"Yes, you might have conceived your ideas and your characters in a particular way but I’m here to help you reach beyond the limits that you’ve imposed on your own imagination.† I don’t know that you can ever quantify that or articulate it without experiencing it first-hand, but that’s my best effort.REEDSYCould you talk about how talking to an author can be part of that process? It seems tricky to do a developmental edit working with the manuscript alone.REBECCA FAITHI think the face-to-face or phone-to-phone interaction is important. It’s more important for content editing or developmental editing because there’s a certain kind of idea exchange; where the characters or the content come alive. A good editor feels the reality of a book as strongly as the author does. If a particular passage feels awkward, or it’s not reading well, or there’s a continuity issue - meaning it’s not lining up with the rest of the book - a live chat gives us the opportunity to troubleshoot it. That’s very hard to do with just the page. I might say â€Å"This line of dialogue feels h ollow to me and I don’t now if you mean x, y, or z, but what’s being communicated to me is this.†The developmental work requires a live component, although I was resistant to that when I first started editing. It’s always quite nerve wracking to work with people and their art. It’s important to take the right tone and tack when you’re talking out things. Who am I say to say to an author â€Å"I don’t think your character would do this.† Thats a lot of ownership on my part. Face-to face work needs good editors who have a very cogent understanding of how to bring out an author’s best work while also pressing those limits that we talked about.REEDSYAre there limits on what an editor can do for an author?REBECCA FAITHAt some points I’ve had to say â€Å"Look the work is not good, the book is not good, and you should stop working on it. Let’s go back to some craft lessons, let’s talk about short stories, creative non-fiction, let’s learn how to write.† An editor can’t take an author who has no skills and no desire to revise, and make that person a better writer. So I suppose the limit of an editor is a closed mind. There’s not much you can do with someone whose work is atrocious but who doesn’t believe it, and who doesn’t trust in the curated opinion of an editor.An editor is like a chef. Good chefs have developed their palates: they’ve tasted everything, single ingredients, complex foods, they’ve honed their tongue like a fine-edged sword, and that sword can taste the difference between ‘tangy’ and 'sour.’ A good editor has honed their literary palate by reading everything: genres they love, genres they don’t; they’ve read craft books, they’ve read the Chicago manual, they read blogs about punctuation and they’ve developed a keen taste for what good writing is. Then, like a chef, they can transform that into any dish. A good chef can’t just cook one thing well, and a good editor can’t just edit one genre. Generally an editor is going to take that sophisticated palate and apply it across anything.The resistance is the diner who salts his food before he eats, who is not willing to taste and be led on a culinary journey. Authors who don’t want to open their eyes and their minds to their editor will never get better. The only limit of a truly excellent editor is an author who won’t release their mind to that help.REEDSYWhat’s the appeal of editing? I feel like most people told to sit in a room with unedited work would balk at that; do you like what you do?REBECCA FAITHI love what I do. I wanted to be an editor since other girls were dreaming of being ballerinas. I don’t think I had language for what I wanted to do; I just started hoarding red pens and hoping for the best. I love losing myself in line editing the same way others love losing themselves in doing the laundry. There are correct answers. There’s a certain comfort in that, it’s almost mathematical. Grammarians, people who truly love our language, can at once respect the rules of that language and acknowledge that language is a communicative tool; and so there’s also play within grammar. It’s not all cut and dry; there are moments where we break the rules.But my real pleasure as an editor is the developmental editing. Helping someone discover the work that lives in their soul is a privilege. Being in that space with an author who’s trying to give life to something that does not exist outside of their own mind is an incredible thing to witness, and I’m in awe every time.I’m working with a client now who came to me with a full completed draft. After the first three chapters I went to her and said â€Å"You know, this is really terrible. I think it’s not the story you want to tell; I th ink it’s just the story that occurred to you first.† We’ve been working together on a draft where you don’t even recognise where it came from. She’s working so hard and so well and so productively; she’s writing a book she won’t just be proud of but that people will love. Watching that happen, watching someone’s mind give life to things that are not there, that’s magic.So I suppose it takes a certain amount of creativity for someone to go into editing. You have to have a mind that sees potential where it’s hiding, but also a mind that makes space for someone else to roam around freely, and create. There’s a balance for good editors between offering structure, lending out my palate, and also sitting back and saying â€Å"What do you taste? What are you baking?† I’m a sous chef in the kitchen. It takes a certain kind of person to enjoy that behind the scenes work.REEDSYWhat makes a good developme ntal editor? It seems difficult to look at two people and tell who’s better. I’ve heard experience thrown around as a way of doing this.REBECCA FAITHI think experience is important. But there’s a balance between being the scaffolding, and then also the architect. A good developmental editor gives authors the structure they need to be free. If you’ve ever had to write an essay for a class, you’ll know writing for a prompt is much more directed than writing on 'a topic of your choice.’ That’s the death knell for a lot of people because it’s too much open space. A good developmental editor creates a structured place for an author to live in, creatively. They have no ego about their author’s work. As much as I invest in my authors work- and I feel the heartbeat of their characters and I care deeply about what happens to them - I have no desire to make that work my own. There’s a lack of covetousness with a good editor wherein you truly are working in service of another person’s artwork, and I think that’s a quality even experience can’t necessarily teach.REEDSYOnce you’ve engaged with a client and want to start an edit, what happens?REBECCA FAITHA lot of my clients have just an idea for a book. For those people we start with a one page synopsis, which is much much harder than you might imagine. For people who have a completed first draft I start reading and after 25 or 30 pages I edit and make margin notes. I send that work back to the author and then we talk. We talk about the work, we talk about the edits, about subjective and objective things; we do grammar lessons and we also talk about character motivation and how things are shaping up. Generally we’ll proceed along in that fashion until the end of the book. First drafts are generally extremely malleable and change very quickly. A lot of rewriting happens after a first draft so I’ll also guide write rs through rewriting, what’s interesting to me as a reader, questions they should be asking themselves about their characters, and we go through the work using it as a practicum for being a better writer and expanding the usefulness, utility and beauty of a manuscript.REEDSYSo what about when someone has just an idea?REBECCA FAITHThe line that I draw is that a substantive editing is based off a completed first draft, while in developmental editing we’re developing from an idea.In developmental editing, you come to me with an idea. We start by talking about it and I require a one-page synopsis. People spend months on a one-page synopsis. It makes plain where there’s not enough plot, which is often a problem - authors tend to have a pretty good handle on the beginning and end of a book, and the middle is a wasteland where forward momentum goes to die. The one page synopsis helps us hone in on conflict, character development, protagonists, antagonists; a lot can be accomplished within the confines of an 8.5" x 11" page. That usually requires a few hours of Skype conversation, a few drafts, a lot of brainstorming.From there we move into what I call chapter-snapshots. You get a short paragraph, maybe five or seven sentences, to articulate what happens in each chapter. Again, we’re trying to avoid the problem of authors getting off to a sprint when the race begins, then having an asthma attack laying down at the side of the road by chapter 12. That foundation-laying helps engage authors engage with and confront the problems of their work.After that we start writing. The snapshots are very productive, and usually make people feel pretty excited. The author has now done the work of creating some of that structure on their own, and it becomes much easier to then say â€Å"OK, I’m going to write chapter one† because you know where chapter one begins and ends/ Working within those structures I often find that people become much m ore creative. They might say â€Å"I started to write chapter one but it’s much more difficult than I expected because I had so many ideas while I was writing,† and then we revisit how those ideas integrate into the chapter snapshots and the synopsis.It’s very difficult to build on nothing, so once an author does the hard work of laying the foundation, the house goes up quicker than you might imagine.REEDSYSo there isn’t some place an author needs to be in before you can come in and help. You can be there at any stage of the project.REBECCA FAITHAnyone with even just the flame of desire to write a book can work with me. If someone comes to me and says â€Å"I want to write, but I don’t know what to write,† that’s OK. I start by asking that person what they like to read. I help them curate their own literary palate. I ask them what movies they like, what music they like; like, â€Å"What is your artistic profile?† Based on that I’ll make some recommendations about authors that are doing great work, and we’ll talk about books. We’ll talk about reading. I might give a couple of small writing assignments: free-write for me about someone in your office from the time they wake up to when they sit down at their desk.Writing is a thankless and difficult process. To anyone with the heart to do it I say bring it on. So many of us are limited in our ability to produce art. Not everybody has the skill or patience for an instrument, or we don’t have the balance and the grace for dance, and when we dip a paintbrush in paint we just end up with splatters on a canvas. But writing uses something that’s inborn. We all have this language. Because of the structure of writing, because of the structure of grammar and good story production, pages are just waiting to be filled. It does take some discipline, I’m not saying it’s easy - it’s the hardest work you can do in some ways, artistically. But it’s there if you have language. It’s a true laying bare of the soul, and anyone who’s willing to do that work is welcome to call me.REEDSYIf writing is a thankless and difficult process, is there a parallel for what you’d call the editing life?REBECCA FAITHEditing is not thankless! Editing is wonderful, in fact. I feel very close to my clients; by the end of our work many of them are friends. Editing is intimate process because, and this goes back to you asking about the qualities of a good editor, an editor mustn’t create shame; an editor has to actively quell embarrassment. The safe space that we create for our authors is a place where they can take risks and fall flat on their faces and not feel stupid about it. How many people have adult-to-adult conversations about sex, religion, ideology? These issues all come up in the course of creating three-dimensional characters. Authors and editors have to bring their whole his tories to the table and be comfortable with that. I’m very humbled by the collection of books I have at home where I’m mentioned in acknowledgements. I think editing is the long straw; I wouldn’t have it any other way. I find my work deeply gratifying.In my experience successful authors are open to revision. It’s not easy to hear the eighty or ninety thousand words you’ve just poured your soul into are not up to par. But if you can leave a little bit of your ego behind and dive into the art, and find someone you trust to be there with you, I don’t think good authorship is beyond many people. It’s a form that invites participation for those who are willing to do the work.REEDSYRevision is interesting, because it’s such an important part of writing, but it doesn’t apply to other uses of language; it would be insane to revise everything you say before you say it.REBECCA FAITHIt would, but think about the times you wish you could have taken it back! The thoughtfulness we can bring to writing is a double-edged sword; if you’ve ever read something overworked you know what I’m talking about. But putting work on a page is an opportunity for people to really lay bare a certain amount of soulfulness, look at it objectively and say â€Å"Who am I? What is this?† There’s so much value in that clarity. I think authorship is a process of self-discovery as much as it’s a process of discovering worlds that don’t exist yet.You invite an editor to accompany you and be a spirit guide. Editors who don’t take that privilege incredibly seriously should not be editors. It’s humbling to be entrusted with that privilege. I think people who want to write should write, and editors are out there who want to help.REEDSYWhen do you think the writing process ends? In traditional publishing it seems like it passes into the hands of the publisher. How would you talk about whe n a manuscript ends, for authors and for editors?REBECCA FAITHSome people say that work is never finished. I think that’s incorrect, and also very depressing.REEDSYLike, the idea that you don’t finish a novel, you put it away.REBECCA FAITHI think that’s just†¦ what an awful thing to say. I think work reaches a place where it’s take the form that we’ve imagined it to. We feel like the journey we’re talking about has ended. Our characters have completed their journey. The work has reached a level of polish that’s industry-standard and acceptable. There’s an objective level to that - is it free of errors, as error free as a work can be? We also have to look at our characters. Have they changed? Have they grown? Have they gotten from point A to point B? I think that’s our best view of what’s happening.REEDSYThanks Rebecca.

Teacher Misbehavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teacher Misbehavior - Essay Example As Lewis and Riley (2009), â€Å"The way some teachers respond to the stress integral to their chosen profession is by interacting with students in a way that can be conceptualised as misbehaving† (p. 417). Teachers’ behavior towards students and their way of interaction becomes negative due to stress or any other reason, which is termed in today’s world as ‘teacher misbehavior’. Teacher misbehavior is not just linked to decreased interaction between students and teachers due to teachers’ inappropriate behaviors. Rather, it is also linked with an overall downward shift in the classroom management behaviors and instructional skills of teachers. A stressed or indolent teacher is not able to focus his/her attention on his/her professional roles and responsibilities in the way an effective teacher can. It is due to the fact that stress, incompetence, and thinking about personal issues at the workplace make a person unable to deliver his/her best no matter to what professional field he/she belongs to. A teacher may show abrupt behaviors due to many reasons. In today’s professional settings, salary and working environment are two such factors that can cause a person to show misbehavior at the workplace. Teachers, who feel stressed either due to salary issues or school climate, become unable to teach their students using appropriate instructional techniques because their mind does not let them focus their attention towards their professional duties (Sava, 2002). As the result of this, teachers start taking their professional responsibilities as granted and become unable to do justice with their roles and responsibilities. This inability to do justice with professional roles and responsibilities leads to inappropriate behaviors both with students in classrooms and with colleagues at the staffroom, which is known as teacher misbehavior in the educational settings. As Sava (2002) states, â€Å"teachers who